Industrial and technological processes are very difficult to manage when the quality of feed and product or discard are not measured with confidence. Effective control can occur when process analytical technologies are chosen that provide representative, precise, and timely measurements. For the measurement technique to be representative it must comply with the Theory of Sampling (TOS) and provide an equal chance of any component in the streaming material to be included in the support for the measurement. This generally precludes technologies that measure only the surface of materials, or biased measurements stemming from a limited portion of the material only, particularly in the minerals processing and recycling sectors, which usually display high compositional variability. The location of the analytical technology should relate to the benefit being targeted and allow for enough reaction time to respond to the quality in some way; diverting short increments based on composition and decision parameters based on process impact, blending with other quality materials, or feeding information backwards or forwards. Feed forward options can include flow rate control, reagent control, operational process variables that impact recoveries, etc. Major benefits have been achieved in measuring coarse conveyed flows with high specification Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) over short increments (thirty seconds to two minutes) for most elements, or over five to ten minute increments for trace elements, such as gold. PGNAA applied to conveyed flows allow the full flow to be measured continuously and composition averaged for each increment in real time. The use of penetrative and continuous moisture measurement using transmission microwaves has also proved effective for moisture monitoring and management. Precisions between laboratory samples of the flow and analysis data from analysers can be sufficient to have high confidence in resulting process control decisions. This paper explains the benefits in more detail and includes case studies to highlight actual benefits derived from the application of such systems. It should be noted that sampling of the materials is still required for calibration and adjustments for the process analytical tools.